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Bumper (broadcasting)
In broadcasting, a commercial bumper, ident bumper or break-bumper (often shortened to bump) is a brief announcement, usually two to 15 seconds in length that can contain a voice over, placed between a pause in the program and its commercial break, and vice versa. The host, the program announcer or a continuity announcer states the title (if any) of the presentation, the name of the program, and the broadcast or cable network, though not necessarily in that order. On children's television networks, they are sometimes called external eyecatches due to the resemblance of internal eyecatches in anime and there is usually no voice over, but some bumpers do feature one. Bumper music, often a recurring signature or theme music segment, is nearly always featured. Bumpers can vary from simple text to short films.
== United States ==
Since 1976, most network television programs in the United States no longer use commercial bumpers; although some soap operas such as ''Days of Our Lives'' (which stopped using one in 2010) and ''The Young and the Restless'' still feature mid-show bumpers. Commercial bumpers are still a common feature of radio. In radio, they are often used during sports broadcasts to ease the transition from play by play to commercial break and back to live action, as well as notify local stations that they should insert their station identification and/or commercials, many times using obscure musical selections of the board operator's choosing. One notable example of commercial bumpers still in use can be found on Cartoon Network's late night programming block, Adult Swim, whose extensive usage of bumpers has even spawned its own website.〔(bumpworthy.com )〕 Another example of commercial bumpers in radio was their use in syndicated programming; for instance, the radio countdown programs ''American Top 40'' and ''American Country Countdown'' feature a series of pre-recorded jingles and other outcues to transition to and from commercial breaks.
During the late 1970s and early 1980s, in accordance with then-current regulations set by the Federal Communications Commission that required a distinction between programs and commercials, most children's programming bumpers would include the phrase "We'll be () back after these messages," except for the bump before the final commercial break, which would usually say, "And now, these messages." The FCC significantly relaxed these rules in 1984. 〔Singer, Jerome L. ''Handbook of Children and the Media'' (Sage, 2002). 385-386. ISBN 978-0-7619-1955-1.〕 Another common bumper phrase was "And now, a word from our sponsor."
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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